PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1940
PARASTENOCARIS Kessler, 1913 sensu lato
Representatives of the genus Parastenocaris almost exclusivey occur in subterranean, interstitial habitats from all over the World. According to Dussart & Defaye (1990) the genus is widely distributed in Europe, with more than 200 species. most of them found in the Alps. European species do not appearing to cross the southern limit of the last glaciation age, indicating their poor dispersal. "The systematic status of the Parastenocarididae as a whole is still in a state of flux, and the genus Parastenocaris clearly accomodates different morphological groups, possibly representing different evolutionary lineges" [after Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004].
Moreover, according to the same authors, the genus Parastenocaris s.str. should comprise only the species included in the "brevipes-group". Pending a complete revision of the family, all the remaining members of the genus should to be considered as Parastenocaris sensu lato (Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004) [PDF] At present, more than 200 species and subspecies are known for the genus.
Parastenocaris aberrans Apostolov, 2004 [France; ground waters] [PDF] ***
Parastenocaris acherusia Noodt, 1955 [Italy; springs] *
Parastenocaris admete Cottarelli, Fasano, Mura & Saporito, 1980 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris aedes Hertzog, 1938 [France, Germany; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris aesculapii Cottarelli & Bruno, 1996 [Dodecanese islands, Greece; hyporheic] [PDF]
Parastenocaris aethiopica Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995 [Ethiopia; lake interstitial] *
Parastenocaris ahaggarica Bozic, 1978 [Africa; psammon?]
Parastenocaris altitudinis Cottarelli et al., 2008 [Italy, Sardinia; streams] [PDF]
Parastenocaris amalasuntae Bruno & Cottarelli, 1998 [Bolsena Lake, central Italy; interstitial]
Parastenocaris amatheia Cottarelli, 1970 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris amyclaea Cottarelli, 1969 [south Italy; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris andalusica Enckell, 1965 [Spain; hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris andreji Brancelj, 2000 [Slovenia; interstitial] [PDF]
Parastenocaris aphroditis Cottarelli & Bruno, 1996 [Dodecanese islands, Greece; hyporheic] *** [PDF]
Parastenocaris aquaeductus Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris arctica Borutzky, 1952 [Novaya Zemlya, lakes] **
Parastenocaris arenicola Chappuis, 1955 [Madagascar; marine psammon]
Parastenocaris arenosus Fryer, 1956 [Africa; Malawi lake]
Parastenocaris arganoi Cottarelli & Mura, 1982 [Asia, Malaysia; caves]
Parastenocaris austriaca Kiefer, 1976 [Austria; interstitial]
Parastenocaris balcanica Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris banaticus Damian, 1957 [Romania; caves]
Parastenocaris bicornuta Lebreton & Dussart, 1984 [Africa, ground waters] **
Parastenocaris biwae Miura, 1969 [Japan; lakes] *
Parastenocaris bohemica Sterba, 1968 [Czecho-Slovakia, ground waters]
Parastenocaris bolbodes Kiefer, 1968 [Brazil; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris boulouensis Apostolov, 2005 [France; ground waters] ** [PDF]
Parastenocaris brasilibathynellae Jakobi & De layola e Silva, 1962
Parastenocaris brevipes Kessler, 1913 [Europe, Asia, USA; lakes, meiobenthos] ** [PDF]
Parastenocaris brincki Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; brackish psammon] **
Parastenocaris budapestiensis Török, 1935 [Hungary; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris bulgarica Apostolov, 1992 [Bulgaria; caves]
Parastenocaris caffer Chappuis, 1936 [Africa, Kenya; Tanganika lake]
Parastenocaris calliroe Cottarelli, 1969 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris cantabrica Chappuis, 1937 [Spain; caves]
Parastenocaris carpatica N.E. & A.A. Kovalchuk, 1991
Parastenocaris cataractae Cottarelli, 1982 [Afria, Sierra leone; interstitial] *
Parastenocaris chappuisi Serbanm, 1960 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris chelifer Delachaux, 1924 [south America; mosses] **
Parastenocaris christiani Dumont, 1981 [Africa, hyporheic] [PDF]
Parastenocaris clandestina Noodt, 1963 [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Parastenocaris clujensis Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris columbiensis Noodt, 1972 [south America; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris conimbrigensis Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal: psammon?]
Parastenocaris cornuta Chappuis, 1955 [Africa; Tanganika lake] *
Parastenocaris corsica Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2000 [Corsica; interstitial]
Parastenocaris crassicaudis Chappuis, 1955 [Africa; Tanganika, lake]
Parastenocaris crenobia Galassi, 1997 [Abruzzo, central Italy; springs] *
Parastenocaris cruzi Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal; psammon]
Parastenocaris curvicauda Apostolov, 1997 [Bulgaria; cave waters]
Parastenocaris curvispinus Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka, India; rivers,brackish psammon]
Parastenocaris cuscatlensis Noodt, 1961
Parastenocaris dammermanni Menzel, 1921 [Java, mosses] **
Parastenocaris delamarei Chappuis, 1957 [north America, lakes interstitial]
Parastenocaris dentata Dussart, 1979 [Argentina; hyporheic] *****
Parastenocaris dentulatus Chappuis & Rouch, 1959 [France; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris dianae Chappuis, 1955 [France; ground waters]
Parastenocaris digitiphora Dussart, 1984 [New Caledonia; fresh waters] [PDF] [PDF]
Parastenocaris distincta Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2006 [Philippines; freshwater interstitial] [PDF]
Parastenocaris douellensis Apostolov, 2005 [France; ground waters] *** [PDF]
Parastenocaris dubia Kiefer, 1933 [Yugoslavia; wells] *
Parastenocaris eberhardi Karanovic, 2005 [Australia; ground waters]
Parastenocaris elegans Kiefer, 1933 [Yugoslavia, wells] *
Parastenocaris entzii Török, 1935 [Hungary; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris etrusca Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995 [Latium, Italy; rivermouth interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris federici Stoch, 2000 [north Italy; cave waters] ** [PDF]
Parastenocaris feuerborni Chappuis, 1931 [Sumatra; mosses] *
Parastenocaris fluviatilis Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris fonticola Borutzky, 1926 [URSS; wells]
Parastenocaris fontinalis fontinalis Schnitter & Chappuis, 1915 [Europe; karst, hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris fontinalis borea Kiefer, 1960 [north Europe; karst, hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris forficulata Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psammon]
Parastenocaris fossoris Fryer, 1955 [Africa; Malawi lake]
Parastenocaris gayatri Ranga Reddy, 2001 [India; rivers] [PDF] **
Parastenocaris germanica Kiefer, 1936 [Germany; wells]
Parastenocaris gertrudae Kiefer, 1968 [north Italy, Slovenia; hyporheic] [PDF]
Parastenocaris glacialis Noodt, 1954 [Europe; karst, interstitial, springs, wells] * [PDF]
Parastenocaris glareola Hertzog, 1936 [France, Germany; karst waters]
Parastenocaris gorganensis N.E. & A.A. Kovalchuk, 1990
Parastenocaris gracilis Chappusi, 1954 [Madagascar; marine psammon] *
Parastenocaris grassei Soyer, 1965 [Africa, Gabon; river interstitial]
Parastenocaris guyanensis Defaye & Dussart, 1988 [Africa; hyporheic] [PDF]
Parastenocaris hera Cottarelli, 1969 [south Italy; rivers interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris hinumaensis Kikuchi, 1970 [Japan; lakes, psammon] **
Parastenocaris hippuris Hertzog, 1938 [France, Germany; ground waters] * **
Parastenocaris hispanica Martinez Arbizu, 1997 [Spain; hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris husmanni Chappuis, 1953 [Germany; ground waters]
Parastenocaris ima Cottarelli, 1989 [Italy, Sardinia; phreatic waters]
Parastenocaris impervia Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995 [Ethiopia; lake interstitial] *
Parastenocaris incerta Chappuis, 1931 [Sumatra; moos]
Parastenocaris inferna Schminke, 1971 [Canary islands; psammon]
Parastenocaris irenae Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; hyporheic] **
Parastenocaris italica Chappuis, 1953 [Italy, Makedonia, Turkey; wells, caves] **** [PDF]
Parastenocaris itica Noodt, 1962 [central America, psammon]
Parastenocaris jane Karanovic, 2006 [Australia; bores]
Parastenocaris jeanneli Chappuis, 1924 [Yugolavia, Romania; caves]
Parastenocaris jeanninei Dumont, 1981 [Afria; hyporheic] [PDF]
Parastenocaris kabyla Chappuis,1953 [north Africa, psammon]
Parastenocaris kabiloides Enckell, 1965 [Spain; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris kalypso Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1988 [Sicily, Italy; wells] [PDF]
Parastenocaris karamani karamani Chappuis, 1937 [Yugoslavia, ground waters] *
Parastenocaris karamani brevicauda Damian, 1958 [Romania; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris kimberleyensis Karanovic, 2005 [Australia; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris kimi Dumont, 1981 [Africa, hyporheic] [PDF] *
Parastenocaris kubizkii Noodt, 1972 [south Ameica; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris lacustris Chappuis, 1957 [north America, lakes interstitial]
Parastenocaris lanceolata Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris latisetosus Damian & Botosaneanu, 1954 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris leuweni Menzel, 1923 [Sumatra; mosses]
Parastenocaris longicaudis Chappuis, 1931 [Sumatra; mosses] **
Parastenocaris longipoda Shen & Tai, 1973 [China; ?] **
Parastenocaris lorenzae Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1995 [Abruzzo, central Italy; rhithrostygal] * [PDF]
Parastenocaris luciae Cottarelli et al., 2008 [Italy, Sicily; streams] *** [PDF]
Parastenocaris lusitanica Noodt & Galhano,1969 [Portugal: psammon?]
Parastenocaris lyncaea Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994 [Africa, Sierra Leone; streams] *
Parastenocaris macaco Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psmmon] *
Parastenocaris madagascarensis Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psammon]
Parastenocaris mahanadi Reddy & Defaye 2007 [India; hyporheic habitat]
Parastenocaris mangyans Bruno & Cottarelli, 1999 [Philippines; interstitial]
Parastenocaris mangini Rouch, 1992 [France; ground waters]
Parastenocaris marlieri Chappuis, 1955 [Africa; Tanganika lake]
Parastenocaris mateusi Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal: psammon?]
Parastenocaris matopoica Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; ?]
Parastenocaris meridionalis (Rouch, 1990) [France; hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris micheli Chappuis & Rouch, 1959 [France; ?] * **
Parastenocaris minuta Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts] *
Parastenocaris minutissima Chappuis, 1937 [Yugoslavia; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris mirabilis Kiefer, 1933 [Yugoslavia; ground waters]
Parastenocaris monodi Chappuis, 1959 [Africa; Niger; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris moravica Sterba, 1965 [Czecho-Slovakia: ground wters]
Parastenocaris muscicola Chappuis, 1955 [Africa, Kenya; mosses]
Parastenocaris nana Chappuis, 1925 [Romania; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris narentina Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris nertensis Rouch, 1990 [France; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris nicolasi Rouch, 1996 [France; hyporheic habitat]
Parastenocaris nigerianus Chappuis, 1959 [Afria, Niger; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris nipponensis Chappuis, 1955 [Korea, Japan; ground waters]
Parastenocaris nolli nolli Kiefer, 1938 [Germany; wells]
Parastenocaris nolli alpina Kiefer, 1960 [Germany; wells]
Parastenocaris nomiae Por, 1981 [Israel; caves]
Parastenocaris noodti Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris novaki Sterba, 1974 [Afghanistan; ?]
Parastenocaris numidiensis Rouch,1987 [Africa, Algerie; ground waters] *
Parastenocaris oligoalina Cottarelli, Bruno & Venanzetti, 1995 [Sardinia, Italy; rivermouth interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris orcina Chappuis, 1938 [Italy; karst, hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris oshimaensis Miura, 1962 [Japan; ground waters] **
Parastenocaris palacios Noodt, 1962 [central America, psammon]
Parastenocaris palmerae Reid, 1991 [Virginia USA; hyporheic] **
Parastenocaris panamericana panamericana Noodt, 1962 [central, south America; psammon?]
Parastenocaris panamericana f. truncata Noodt, 1962 [central America; psammon]
Parastenocaris pannonica Török, 1935 [Europe; aqueducts] *
Parastenocaris pasquinii Cottarelli, 1972 [Italy; hyporheic, wells,caves] *
Parastenocaris pauliani Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psammon]
Parastenocaris phreatica Chappuis, 1936 [Europe; wells] *
Parastenocaris phyllophora Noodt, 1954 **
Parastenocaris phyllura Kiefer, 1938 [Europe; brackish interstitial]
Parastenocaris proserpina Chappuis, 1938 [Italy, Czecho-Slovakia; wells, karst waters]
Parastenocaris psammica Songeur, 1961 [France, interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris pusillus Chappuis, 1954 [Madagascar; psammon]
Parastenocaris quollensis Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995 [Ethiopia; lake interstitial] *
Parastenocaris ranae Stoch, 2000 [north Italy; cave waters] * [PDF]
Parastenocaris rascana Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris reidae Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2007 [Italy; ground waters] [PDF]
Parastenocaris rivi Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994 [Sardinia, Italy; hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris röttgeri Noodt, 1972 [south America; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris ruffoi Chappuis, 1954 [Italy; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris salvadorensis Noodt, 1962 [central America; psammon?]
Parastenocaris salvadorensis f. lanceolata Noodt, 1962 [central America; psammon?]
Parastenocaris sandhya Ranga Reddy, 2001 [India; rivers] [PDF]
Parastenocaris santaremensis Noodt, 1963
Parastenocaris sardoa Cottarelli & Torrisi, 1977 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris savita Ranga Reddy, 2001 [India; rivers] [PDF] **
Parastenocaris serbica Karanovic & Bobic, 1998 [East Serbia; cave waters]
Parastenocaris sibaritica Berera & Cottarelli, 2003 [Italy; freshwater interstitial] ***
Parastenocaris silvana Cottarelli, Bruno & Berera, 2000 [Corsica; interstitial] *
Parastenocaris similis similis Török, 1935 [Europe; aqueducts]
Parastenocaris similis f. macedonica Petkovski, 1959 [Makedonia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris singhalensis Enckell, 1970 [Sri Lanka; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris sinoiaica Wells, 1964 [Afria, Rhodesia; mosses?]
Parastenocaris solitaria Karanovic, 2004 [W-Australia; ground waters]
Parastenocaris spinipes Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; interstitial]
Parastenocaris spinosa Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; interstitial]
Parastenocaris spinicauda Wells, 1964 [Africa, Rhodesia; ?]
Parastenocaris staheli Menzel, 1916 [south America, moos]
Parastenocaris stammeri stammeri Chappuis, 1937 [Europe; caves] *
Parastenocaris stammeri gallicus Chappuis & Rouch, 1959 [France, caves] *
Parastenocaris starretti Pennak, 1939 [north America; lakes] *
Parastenocaris stellae Cottarelli, Saporito & Puccetti, 1981 [Italy; hyporheic] ***
Parastenocaris subterraneus Damian, 1958 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris surinamensis Menzel, 1921 [south America; mosses] **
Parastenocaris tapajosensis Noodt, 1963 [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Parastenocaris tenuis Borutzky, 1948 [URSS; caves]
Parastenocaris texana Whitman, 1984 [Texas, USA; interstitial] **
Parastenocaris törökae Ponyi, 1957 [Hungary; ground waters]
Parastenocaris trichelata Reid, 1995 [Virginia, USA; meiobenthos] *
Parastenocaris trinacriae Pesce, Galassi & Cottarelli, 1988 [Sicily, Italy; wells] * [PDF]
Parastenocaris triphyda Cottarelli & Bruno, 1993 [Sardinia, Italy; cave interstitial] * [PDF]
Parastenocaris trisaetosa Chappuis, 1954 [Madagascar, psammon] *
Parastenocaris tumida Kiefer, 1961 [Europe; psammon] *
Parastenocaris tyrrhenidis Cottarelli, 1970 [Italy, Sardinia; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris uncinatus Damian & Botosaneanu, 1954 [Romania; ground waters]
Parastenocaris ursulae Schimnke, 1971 [Canary islands; ground waters]
Parastenocaris vandeli Rouch, 1988 [Ariege, France; hyporheic]
Parastenocaris variolata Chappuis, 1952 [Madagascar; psammon]
Parastenocaris vicesima vicesima Klie, 1935 [Europe; brackish interstitial] *
Parastenocaris vicesima dalmatina Petkovski, 1959 [Yugoslavia, hyporheic] *
Parastenocaris wilsoni Borutzky, 1952 [north America; lakes, meiobenthos]*
Parastenocaris xyrophora Noodt & Galhano, 1969 [Portugal: psammon?]
* minuta-group
** brevipes-group
*** hera-group (Berrera & Cottarelli, 2003)
* syn. of P. brevipes Kessler, 1913 (Reid, 1994).
** questionable species or incertae sedis
*** for these species/subspecies Martinez Arbizu (1997) suggested a "fontinalis-group" [subfamily Fontinalicaridinae, as advanced by Schminke (1993)]
**** syn. Parastenocaris phyllura Noodt, 1955
***** synonymized with Potamocaris bifida (Reid, 1991)
Cladogram and distribution of the species belonging to the "fontinalis-group": P.hispanica; 2. P. meridionalis; 3. P. psammica; 4. P. fontinalis fontinalis; 5. P. fontinalis borea; 6. P. aberrans; 7. P. douellensis (after Martinez Arbizu, 1997 modif.)
INCERTAE SEDIS
Parastenocaris insularis Miura, 1962 (1964?)
Revision of the genus Parastenocaris in: Galassi & De Laurentiis (2004) [PDF]
Relevant Literature
Phylogenetic relationships within the "fontinalis-group"
Key to Bulgarian Species
Review of African Parastenocaris
Page Updated November 14. 2008
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