PARASTENOCARIDIDAE Chappuis, 1940
The family Parastenocarididae Chappuis, 1940, formerly Parastenocaridae Chappuis, 1933, is still in a confused taxonomic state (Reid, 1994; Martinez Arbizu, 1997). Jakobi (1972) suggested a new system for the family Parastenocarididae, splitting it into 26 new genera. This artificial system was strongly criticized by Schminke (1976) and numerous other authors (Cottarelli & Maiolini, 1980; Dumont, 1981; Dussart & Defaye, 1990; Rouch, 1986; Reid, 1994; Martinez Arbizu, 1997) but, at present, all the genera suggested by Jakobi (Biwaecaris, Brasilibathynellocaris, Brinckicaris, Clujensicaris, Enckellicaris, Entzicaris, Fontinalicaris, Forficatocaris, Italicocaris, Kinnecaris, Lacustricaris, Macacocaris, Michelicaris, Minutacaris, Murunducaris, Nanacaris, Nipponicaris, Oshimaensicaris, Pannonicaris. Paraforficatocaris, Pararemaneicaris, Parastenocaris, Phreaticaris, Potamocaris, Proserpinicaris, Remaneicaris, Simplicaris, Siolicaris, Stammericaris) should be considered valid (Corgosinho et al., 2008).
The Parastenocarididae is almost exclusively freshwater in distribution. Together with Canthocamptidae Brady 1880, they represent the most successful group of benthic freshwater harpacticoids in terms of diversity and aboundance.
At present, the family includes over 260 species and subspecies (Schminke, 2009; see ICZN 1999 article 13), with most species coming from ground waters of Europe.[PDF1] [PDF2] Parastenocaris is the most prolific and widespread genus, the other genera including fewer species, limited to the neotropical region.
 Forficatocaris Jakobi, 1969 Paraforficatocaris Jakobi, 1972 Potamocaris Dussart, 1979; emend. Reid, 1991
Murunducaris Reid, 1994
Parastenocaris Kessler, 1913
Simplicaris Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004 [PDF]
Brasilibathynellocaris Jakobi, 1972 [PDF]
Pararemaneicaris Jakobi, 1972
Remaneicaris Jakobi 1972 [PDF]
Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972
Siolicaris Jakobi, 1972
Monodicaris Schminke, 2009 [PDF]
FORFICATOCARIS Jakobi, 1979
Forficatocaris amazonensis (Noodt, 1953) [south America; interstitial]
Forficatocaris affinis Dussart, 1983 [south America; brackish, interstitial]
Forficatocaris amazonensis (Noodt, 1953) [Brazil; interstitial]
Forficatocaris claudii Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters]
Forficatocaris evelinae Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters ]
Forficatocaris fittkaui Jakobi, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters]
Forficatocaris forficata forficata (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, interstitial]
Forficatocaris forficata crenensis Dussart, 1984 [south America; interstitial] [PDF]
Forficatocaris guarani (Noodt, 1963) [south America; lakes, interstitial]
Forficatocaris jakobii Noodt, 1972 [Brazil; continental fresh waters ]
Forficatocaris lilianae Noodt, 1972 [Brazil, continental fresh waters ]
Forficatocaris noodti Jakobi, 1969 [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Forficatocaris schadeni Reid, 1982 [Brazil; fresh waters, wet campos]
Forficatocaris tetracantha (Noodt, 1963) [south America, hyporheic]
WORLD KEY TO SPECIES OF FORFICATOCARIS IN: Reid J. W. 1982. Forficatocaris schadeni, a new copepod (Harpacticoida) from central Brazil, with keys to the species of the genus. J. Crust. Biol., 2 (4): 578-587.
BRASILIBATHYNELLOCARIS Jakobi, 1972 [PDF]
Brasilibathynellocaris brasilibathynellae Jakobi & Silva, 1962 [Brazil; fresh waters,dug wells] [PDF]
PARAREMANEICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Pararemaneicaris cuscatlaensis (Noodt, 1965) [central America, psammon]
Pararemaneicaris santaremensis (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
KINNECARIS Jakobi, 1972
(= Cafferocaris Jakobi, 1972)
Kinnecaris aethiopica (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
Kinnecaris arenicola (Chappuis, 1954) [Madagascar; marine psammon]
Kinnecaris arenosus (Fryer, 1956) [Africa; Malawi lake]
Kinnecaris caffer (Chappuis, 1936) [Africa, Kenya; Tanganika lake]
Kinnecaris cornuta Chappuis, 1955 [Africa; Tanganika lake]
Kinnecaris eberhardi (Karanovic, 2005) [Western Australia; ground waters] [PDF]
Kinnecaris fluviatilis (Wells, 1964) [Africa, Rhodesia; hyporheic]
Kinnecaris giselae Schminke, 2008 [New Guinea, Papua; ground waters] [PDF]
Kinnecaris godavari Reddy R. & Schminke, 2009 [India; ground waters]
Kinnecaris impervia (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
Kinnecaris lyncaea Cottarelli & Bruno, 1994 [Africa, Sierra Leone; streams]
Kinnecaris madagascarensis (Chappuis, 1952) [Madagascar; psammon]
Kinnecaris muscicola Chappuis, 1955 [Africa, Kenya; mosses]
Kinnecaris quollensis (Cottarelli & Bruno, 1995) [Ethiopia; lake interstitial]
Kinnecaris sinoiaica (Wells, 1964) [Afria, Rhodesia; mosses?]
Kinnecaris solitaria (Karanovic, 2004) [W-Australia; ground waters]
Kinnecaris variolata (Chappuis, 1952) [Madagascar; psammon]
SIMPLICARIS Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004
Simplicaris lethaea Galassi & De Laurentiis, 2004 [Italy; springs] [PDF]
Simplicaris veneris (Cottarelli & Maiolini, 1980) [central Italy; lakes, interstitial] [PDF]
PARAFORFICATOCARIS Jakobi, 1972
Paraforficatocaris paranaensis Jakobi, 1972 [Brazil;fresh waters, hyporheic]
MURUNDUCARIS Reid, 1994
Murunducaris juneae Reid, 1994 [Brazil; wet campos] [PDF]
Murunducaris noodti Cogosinho et al. 2008 [Peru; interstitial] [PDF]
Murunducaris loyolai Cogosinho et al. 2008 [Brazil; interstitial][PDF]
Murunducaris dactyloides (Kiefer, 1967) [Brazil: fresh waters, hyporheic] [PDF]
POTAMOCARIS Dussart, 1979; emend. Reid, 1991
Potamocaris bidens (Noodt, 1955) [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Potamocaris bidentata (Dussart, 1981) [Argentina; hyporheic]
Potamocaris bifida Dussart, 1979 [Argentina; river interstitial]
Potamocaris cuiabaensis Reid, 1991 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Potamocaris estevesi Reid, 1991 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial]
Potamocaris tridentata (Dussart,1981) [Argentina; hyporheic]
REMANEICARIS Jakobi, 1972 [PDF]
The genus Remaneicaris was proposed by Jakobi (1972) to accommodate the species included in the
“remanei-group” (Noodt 1963) together with some other neotropical species described subsequently. The
genus was revisited by Corgosinho & Martínez Arbizu (2005), who profoundly modified Jakobi’s concept in
excluding some species from the genus, including some new and formerly known parastenocaridids, and by
identifying some apomorphies which reveal its monophyletic status. Remaneicaris was considered valid by
the former authors because it is based on a valid type species, viz. Remaneicaris remanei (Noodt, 1963), and
therefore article 13 of ICZN (1999) applies (from: Corgosinho et al. 2007).
Remaneicaris analuizae Corgosinho & Martinez-Arbizu, 2005 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial] [PDF]
Remaneicaris argentina (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris ciliata (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris clandestina (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris cordobaensis (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris divae (Noodt, 1972) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris drepanophora (Kiefer, 1967) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris euniceae Corgosinho & Martinez-Arbizu, 2005 [Brazil; fresh waters, rivers interstitial] [PDF]
Remaneicaris hecate (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris hexacantha (Kiefer, 1936) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris hurdi (Jakobi & Silva, 1962) [Brazil; fresh waters, wells]
Remaneicaris icoaraci (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris ignotus (Dussart, 1983) [Argentina; brackish waters] [PDF]
Remaneicaris cambirucui Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial] [PDF]
Remaneicaris insolitus Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial] [PDF]
Remaneicaris itica (Noodt, 1961)
Remaneicaris ivoneae Gorgosinho et al., 2010 [Brazil; interstitial] [PDF]
Remaneicaris jujuyensis (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris juliae Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers] [PDF]
Remaneicaris membranacea (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris meyerabichi (Noodt, 1962) [central America; psammon?]
Remaneicaris oncophora (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris palaciosi (Noodt, 1962) [central America, psammon]
Remaneicaris paraensis (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris paraguayensis (Noodt, 1963) [Paraguay; lakes]
Remaneicaris paratridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers] [PDF]
Remaneicaris persephone (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris pluto (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris psammae (Rouch, 1962) [south America; psammon]
Remaneicaris remanei (Noodt, 1963) [Paraguay; lakes]
Remaneicaris rhizophora (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris sanctiludovici (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris sierrae (Noodt, 1965) [Argentina; ground waters]
Remaneicaris tageae (Noodt, 1972) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Remaneicaris tridactyla Corgosinho et al., 2007 [Brazil; rivers] [PDF]
SIOLICARIS Jakobi, 1972
Siolicaris digitata (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Siolicaris jakobi(Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
Siolicaris siolii (Noodt, 1963) [Brazil; fresh waters, hyporheic]
MONODICARIS Schminke, 2009 [PDF]
Monodicaris cataractae (Cottarelli, 1982) [Africa, Sierra Leone; interstitial]
Monodicaris christiani (Dumont, 1981) [Africa, hyporheic] [PDF]
Monodicaris larsi Schminke, 2009 [West Africa, ground waters] [PDF]
Monodicaris monodi (Chappuis, 1959) [Afric, Niger; hyporheic]
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